Abstract
Introduction:
The human body operates as a cohesive biological system in which the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems are intricately interlinked through the neuroendocrine-immune (NEI) axis. This axis ensures systemic homeostasis and responds adaptively to internal and external stressors. The major components of this network include the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA), hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG), hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT), and prolactin/growth hormone (PRL/GH) axes, which communicate via biochemical messengers such as hormones, neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and cytokines. These signalling molecules mediate reciprocal interactions across the immune, neurological, and endocrine domains, often under circadian control governed by the hypothalamus. In modern times, the dysregulation of these systems, especially under chronic stress, has been linked to a variety of disorders, including emotional, metabolic, infectious, and autoimmune diseases. Ayurveda conceptualizes bodily regulation through the Tridosha framework: Vata governs movement and neural control, Pitta is responsible for metabolism and transformation, and Kapha provides structure and immunity. Drawing physiological parallels between Tridosha and NEI components allows the exploration of a unified understanding of health and disease, merging traditional wisdom with contemporary biomedical insights. Methods: The present review was conducted through a qualitative and thematic analysis of classical Ayurvedic texts, including Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya, and relevant Nighantus, along with contemporary Ayurvedic literature and modern scientific publications accessed via sources such as Google Scholar, AYUSH Research Portal, and institutional libraries. Discussion: The analysis revealed striking similarities between Vata and the SAM axis (rapid neural responses), Pitta and metabolic-hormonal processes of the HPA axis (digestive/metabolic control), and Kapha with immune and structural stability. Reflex actions (Vega), circadian rhythms, cytokine modulation, and stress responses all showed layered resonance between traditional and contemporary frameworks. Conclusion: This integrative model underscores Ayurveda’s profound physiological insight, wherein Vata, Pitta, and Kapha functionally encapsulate the regulatory roles of the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems, respectively. The stress response, governed by HPA and SAM axes in modern science, aligns well with the dynamic actions of Dosha—Vata, reflecting rapid neural arousal, Pitta, and Kapha involved in slower metabolic and immunological adaptation. By establishing structural and functional correlates between Dosha and NEI axes, this study demonstrates the potential for a cross-disciplinary approach to understanding human physiology.

Key words: Keywords: Neuroendocrine-immune, HPA axis, SAM axis, Tridosha,